She-Ra and the Princesses of Power Rewatch 5.12, "Heart, Part 1"

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It's the beginning of the end for She-Ra.

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5.12, "Heart, Part 1"

Written by Noelle Stevenson, Josie Campbell, Katherine Nolfi, Laura Sreebny, and M. Willis
Directed by Jen Bennett and Roy Burdine

Synopsis

Doesn't look easy...
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

In the resistance camp, Adora contemplates her decision as her companions comfort one another. She continues to struggle to summon the power of She-Ra and lays out the current, dire situation. She assigns her companions to deal with Horde Prime's control chips; she purposes to activate the failsafe and disable the Heart of Etheria.

She steps outside, looking for Catra. There is no sign of her, and Adora warns off Glimmer and Bow; they refuse, determined to accompany her while the rest interdict Horde Prime's control.

Not an obvious place, is it?
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

Adora, Glimmer, and Bow proceed towards the failsafe. They are admitted to the innards of the First Ones' devices.

Elsewhere, Catra rides Melog away from the resistance camp, if with some reluctance. Melog confronts her about her decision, and Catra protests her seemingly unrequited love for Adora until a Horde clone happens by.

It's an impressive edifice.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

The other resistance members make their attack on the Horde facilities to begin interdicting the control signals. They are remarkably effective in their assault, allowing Entrapta access to Horde machinery. She begins her work, if with some trepidation.

Adora, Glimmer, and Bow proceed. Adora begins to hallucinate Catra or to see projections of her, and her She-Ra form begins to destabilize.

Catra pursues the Horde clone to find a massive Horde installation at work. She remains undetected even as Horde Prime works through the clone to announce his impending triumph and direct access to the Heart of Etheria via the installation. Catra rushes to warn Adora of the coming peril.

Adora continues to waver as she proceeds. She finds herself in a projection of her first encounter with the sword of She-Ra, and she begins to push her friends away, thanking them for their help but denying them the ability to go with her. She vanishes in a flash of light, leaving Glimmer and Bow behind as Horde Prime's influence spreads.

The picture of ease...
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

Catra returns to the resistance camp to find it empty save for Shadow Weaver. The latter notes that Adora has gone off to trigger the failsafe. Catra rails against her and rushes off to aid Adora as Prime continues to take over the planet's imposed architecture, teleporting Entrapta to him as he does so. And the battle turns against the other resistance fighters who had been screening her presence: Mermista and Scorpia make their entrance.

Horde Prime gloats over his perceived victory. Catra demands Shadow Weaver help her with Adora; Shadow Weaver reluctantly agrees, and they teleport to Adora's whereabouts, finding Glimmer and Bow. Catra reports what she has learned, and Glimmer and Bow transport to take up Entrapta's mission; Catra takes over theirs, and they part as friends. Glimmer takes a moment to confess her love for Bow; he admits the same to her, and they move off to take care of their work.

It is a pleasant thought.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

Adora finds herself in a utopic vision alongside a projection of Mara. They confer briefly, Mara questioning Adora's motivations before the interruptions of Horde Prime manifest and Prime confronts her.

Glimmer rescues the other resistance fighters, affording Sea Hawk an opportunity to try to reach Mermista. It seems to work, but Scorpia's presence is missed--until she appears at Bow's location. And Micah also remains to confront his daughter and her companions in power and fury.

Meanwhile, Horde Prime gloats over Adora and leaves her to face the suborned Etherian defenses...

Discussion

A penultimate episode--and the first part of a two-part episode, no less--cannot be expected to bring in many things. In truth, the present episode does not seem to introduce any new medievalism, and it only lightly seems to reinforce that already present in the rest of the series. One thing that does come to mind, however, is an invocation of the Malorian Sir Palomides that has occasionally popped up as an antecedent. Wrong Hordak seems to follow the model to some extent, being a (religious) Other who is integrated into the primary narrative group (and, like the Palomides of the earlier and more thoroughgoing Malorian borrowing that is The Once and Future King, becomes a comedic figure). And, to continue the prevailing Arthurian pastiche, Wrong Hordak notably over-emotes throughout his appearance in the series; it is a commonplace of Arthurian fiction that the Round Table knights weep and bewail their situations, with Lancelot's death bring a prominent example thereof, though there are no few others. While not something that emerges in the present episode, it is something that is reemphasized by it, pointing up the medievalist borrowings of the series even as it comes close to its end.

She-Ra and the Princesses of Power Rewatch 5.11, "Failsafe"

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As the end approaches, the approach of an earlier end is called forward, with no few messianic overtones.

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5.11, "Failsafe"

Written by Noelle Stevenson, Katherine Nolfi, Josie Campbell, Laura Sreebny, and M. Willis
Directed by Roy Burdine and Mandy Clotworthy

Synopsis

Good kitties. Nice kitties.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

In their camp, the remaining resistance fighters query Castaspella and Shadow Weaver upon their return. The magicians report on the failsafe they have found, and Glimmer rails against the plan. Catra and Melog begin to rise against Shadow Weaver, but Adora calms them and presses for more information. The information is forthcoming, and the group agrees to pursue the failsafe, though there are misgivings about doing so.

Adora makes to talk to Catra, working to reassure her about the plan and asking for her help, specifically. It mollifies Catra. Meanwhile, Entrapta reports that there is a limited time to save those enthralled by Horde Prime via control chip--and that she has a plan to address the issue.

This is never a good sign.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

The group infiltrates Mystacor via teleportation and Melog's cloaking ability. They encounter Micah along the way, only narrowly avoiding detection as they press ahead. A fracas ensues when strife reemerges among the infiltration group.

Back at the resistance camp, Entrapa proposes to search out a group of Horde clones to analyze signals. Swift Wind reluctantly agrees to assist her. They find that the Horde is forcing a connection to the Heart of Etheria--but Entrapta gets the data she needs before a Horde clone comes across her. In the event, the clone is Hordak. Swift Wind takes her away before more can emerge.

There's enough looming here to get a tapestry out of it.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

The infiltration group presses on through Mystacor, finding the ingress to the failsafe for the Heart of Etheria. As they continue, Adora tries to calm Catra again, finding some success. The group finds confirmation that they are on the correct path--as well as more strife occasioned by Shadow Weaver's commentary. Magical traps beset them, and Adora frets while Shadow Weaver preys upon her mind.

Oh, that iconogrpahy's not evocative at all.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary

At length, the infiltration group arrives at the failsafe. Adora is obliged to take it into herself, at great risk and with the certainty of doom; her companions, especially Catra, are displeased at Shadow Weaver's omission that has led to it. Micah emerges again, and melee ensues; the infiltration group is hard-put to it, but they cover Adora as she takes the failsafe into herself. The mission accomplished, the group withdraws.

Back at the encampment, the group rests. Catra considers Adora's impending sacrifice and makes to leave. Once again, Adora chases after her; Catra questions her self-sacrifice and leaves despite Adora's pleas. And Adora rails against Shadow Weaver after.

Discussion

Two things come to mind for me as I rewatched the episode: the achievement of the Grail in Malory, and the Sacred Heart of Jesus. As to the first, in Malory as in other sources, the Grail is something of a plot-driver, a powerful relic in itself and one eagerly sought by the bulk of the Round Table. The parallel to the failsafe for the Heart of Etheria is fairly obvious. It was something held in trust by a figure of legend (Joseph of Arimathea) and reclaimed by a descendant thereof (Galahad), while the Heart was secreted away by Mara and reclaimed by her successor, Adora. The reclamation is self-sacrificial in both cases, if deferred in the latter; Galahad is translated to Heaven as a reward for his service, giving up himself against the greater glory of it, while Adora yet has a labor to accomplish before her own end comes. And, in both cases, the quest to achieve the item in question marks the beginning of the end; Arthur recognizes the Grail Quest as the dissolution of the Round Table, and the series is left on a two-part final episode after the present one ends.

Yes, we see it.
Image taken from Britannica.com and used for commentary.

As to the second, the Sacred Heart of Jesus (devotion to which is noted as early as in the 1200s, and which therefore likely got going earlier than that), the iconography is clearer than the parallel to the Grail narrative. The shining emblem that is put into Adora is more-than-vaguely heart-shaped, sitting in the center of her chest amid its own radiance (and golden rays when Adora is She-Ra), which parallels no few depictions of the Catholic devotional focus. (That no few images of Jesus figure him as light-haired, light-skinned, and pale-eyed--much as Adora is--doesn't hurt the association, either.) Adora's series-long association with Arthur makes her something of a messianic figure moving into the episode; that she willingly accepts pain and the expectation of death in the service of her friends--indeed, to save the very world if not all of the worlds that remain--only furthers the figuration. After all, greater love have none than she who lays her life down for her friends. And if she is not yet willing to admit to some of the loves that she feels, that she feels them and still acts upon a greater love does not diminish Adora.

She-Ra and the Princesses of Power Rewatch 5.10, "Return to the Fright Zone"

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Hope returns, and just in time.

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5.10, "Return to the Fright Zone"

Written by Noelle Stevenson, M. Willis, Josie Campbell, Katherine Nolfi, and Laura Sreebny
Directed by Roy Burdine and Mandy Clotworthy

Synopsis

They are detailed plans.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

Adora leads a strategy session to try to figure out how to stop the suborned princesses in their rampages across Etheria. Netossa notes weaknesses and methods for subduing her peers, including those present. The demonstration is convincing.

Discussion continues. Scorpia's location is noted--the Fright Zone. Scorpia soon becomes the imminent target, and plans for rescuing her begin to form.

It does appear to be a comfort.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

Bow frets about his dads; Glimmer offers to take him to check on them, and he reluctantly accepts.

The mission to retrieve Scorpia begins, with Adora, Catra, Perfuma, Netossa, and Melog sneaking into the Fright Zone. They find it in ruins, Catra noting the fight with Hordak that occasioned much of the damage. And they find Scorpia in short order; she makes an explosive, energetic entrance, and a fracas ensues.

Glimmer and Bow arrive at the library. They reconnoiter, finding the library empty and ransacked slightly. Bow frets until Glimmer points out a letter to him from his dads; it reveals their location to him in a terrible pun.

The fracas against Scorpia continues. Mermista joins the fray. It does not improve things. Nor yet does the entrance of Spinnerella into the fight, which draws off Netossa.

Glimmer and Bow return to the First Ones ruins his dads had been studying. They find each other and confer, and Lance and George reveal that they have uncovered useful information.

Knocked the She-Ra right out of her...
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

Mermista faces Catra and Melog; they retreat from her. Netossa faces Spinnerella. She-Ra and Perfuma flee from Scorpia, who pursues in might; Adora loses access to her powers and finds herself facing Horde Prime on what had been Hordak's throne. He gloats to her about his circumvention of her.

Lance and George show Glimmer and Bow that they have access to the First Ones technology that had previously been restricted: there is a back-door to the operating systems. And there is a destruct mechanism for the Heart of Etheria, one they may be able to access--if they can decipher the location.

It is a classic villain pose.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

Adora and Perfuma face Horde Prime and Scorpia. They manage to escape. Netossa subdues and recovers Spinnerella as Glimmer arrives to effect extraction. There is some victory to be found, but matters are still grim, even as hope of the failsafe against the Heart of Etheria is present--for Shadow Weaver and Castaspella know it is accessible through Mystacor.

Discussion

Little if any new invocation of the medieval presents itself in the current episode, although there is an oblique bit of medievalism. Jason Tondro, in Superheroes of the Round Table: Comics Connections to Medieval and Renaissance Literature, makes a formal case for the kind of links noted briefly by Hana Videen here--namely, that superheroes such as DC's Superman and Marvel's Captain America are themselves medievalisms. It's an obvious thing, really, given heraldic blazons, call-backs, shout-outs, and some outright borrowings (The Mighty Thor, anyone?). And there is something of Batman and his hyper-preparedness in Netossa's dissection of her peers' weaknesses early in the episode; the Dark Knight (another medievalism in itself) keeps contingency plans to take down his colleagues, much as Netossa has developed. And at least one of them comes to fruition in the episode.

To pivot from that slightly, Horde Prime appears to have made use of what TV Tropes calls a Batman Gambit in laying a trap for Adora. That is, he expects Adora to try to save her friends--which she does, of course, being as she is. That he is unable to capture her in the event is less a misreading of her and more a hubristic belief in his own superiority--but, as noted before, he has (unjustified) reason to harbor such belief.

More people could stand to learn the lesson in his failure.

She-Ra and the Princesses of Power Rewatch 5.9, "An Ill Wind"

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Resistance to Horde Prime passes something of a nadir.

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5.9, "An Ill Wind"

Written by Noelle Stevenson, Laura Sreebny, Josie Campbell, Katherine Nolfi, and M. Willis
Directed by Roy Burdine and Christina "Kiki" Manrique

Synopsis

This is never a good sign.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

Back on Etheria, Glimmer's power is restored to her, and she teleports her group to the site where the resistance had made camp when they left. They find it ruined and empty, and they consider that they may be the only ones left, as well as how to proceed. They proceed to a nearby village, finding it under occupation.

From his command ship, Horde Prime observes the process of rebellion against his rule. It affirms his desire to take the Heart of Etheria for his own; he begins looking for a way to circumvent She-Ra and orders further action on Etheria.

Not suspicious at all...
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

Glimmer's group makes to infiltrate the village, using Wrong Hordak as cover for them. The initial entry works well enough. Initial contacts with the locals goes less well; they are fearful and therefore likely to be problematic, despite Bow's questions. The suborned princesses have caused trouble, and the group divides to search more thoroughly. They find matters are unsettled, and they are unwelcome. Then Spinnerella attacks, and melee ensues. It does not go well for Glimmer's group; they flee from the initial contact and are pursued. Netossa intervenes, forcefully, but the group is still made to retreat.

Ew.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

Aboard Horde Prime's command ship, Prime brings Hordak with him to survey the bodies of his former hosts. Prime plumbs the memories of one such, trying to figure out the issues of Etheria and the First Ones. Hordak remembers Etheria and Entrapta, beginning to sour again.

On Etheria, Glimmer's group takes stock of the situation. News is exchanged, and the situation is not good. They resolve to defeat Prime, beginning with reclaiming Spinnerella.

Yeah, this looks like a boss-fight about to happen.
Image taken from the episode, used for commentary.

A counter-offensive begins. Initial efforts are successful. The second fight against Spinnerella proves difficult, even with She-Ra in the fray. Spinnerella flees, and the village's population is restored--to Horde Prime's anger. He makes for Etheria, and Hordak continues to sour against him. Glimmer's group rejoins what resistance remains, and while they are--generally--glad to see each other, their situation is still not the best.

Discussion

There are a few touches in the episode that point towards the medievalist rather than the medieval, as such. One such is the iconography hanging over the village Glimmer's group liberates and its change after the liberation, which speak to miniatures wargaming. If it is the case that many such games are in non-medieval settings, it is also the case that many of them partake heavily of the medieval. (Warhammer 40,000 comes to mind as one example, though not the only one. Too, Dungeons & Dragons itself emerged from tabletop miniatures wargaming, and it remains a major source of medievalism in the United States and elsewhere.) Another is in the small-band freedom-fighter setup of the present episode--one not uncommon to the rest of the series, admittedly, though Bright Moon and Frosta's realm both show up as having standing armies. The small-band setup brings to mind Robin Hood's Merry Men and the prominent members of the Round Table, among others, as well as any number of "medieval" movies and stories. And there is another in the recognition of Glimmer--something occurs about the return of a monarch, like in some book or another...

Still, it is near the end of the series. It is not to be wondered at that less is introduced now than reinforced, and the medievalisms that have pervaded the series have not gone away.

Guest Post: Ruth Lewis, "Whose Splintered Light?"

The following essay was kindly submitted by contributor Ruth Lewis, a British zoologist, writer, and illustrator with a strong interest in Tolkien. It is presented below with only minimal editorial adjustment. 

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𝔙erlyn Fleiger’s Splintered Light is widely regarded as one of the best critical books on J.R.R. Tolkien [1]. Flieger referred the concept in her title to Owen Barfield’s Poetic Diction of 1928, cited by Flieger from the third edition of 1973.
As an artist with an interest in the history of art theory, however, I have long been aware that the mythos of Light has deep roots in ancient philosophy and Christian theology. As the art-historian W. Swaan explains:

Plato’s metaphorical association of sunlight with goodness and knowledge was greatly elaborated by the pagan Neo-Platonists who identified light with Ultimate Reality and the generating principle of the universe. Light, they argued, was also the means by which the intellect perceived truth. This concept found confirmation in the magnificent passage in the Gospel of St John where the Word is compared ‘to a light that shineth in darkness, by which all things were made, and which enlighteneth every man. . .’. On this dual basis of pagan and Christian thought, a fifth-century Syrian mystic, Dionysius the Areopagite, built a highly complex philosophy which constituted no less than a theology of light. [2]

It should be noted that the Syrian was accidentally or deliberately confused with the first-century Athenian Dionysius who was a disciple of St Paul and is properly called ‘the Areopagite’; the fifth century mystic is often referred to as the pseudo-Areopagite or pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite. The Biblical reference seems to be a paraphrase of John chapter 1, verses 1-9 [3].
Coming forward to the twelfth century, the theology of light had a great practical influence on the emerging Gothic style of architecture, primarily though one man, Abbot Suger of St-Denis near Paris. As the American art-historian W.S. Stoddard explained: ‘As Erwin Panofsky has so clearly stated in his book on Abbot Suger, the writings in these texts present a theology which combines the Christian doctrine with “fundamental and illuminous aliveness of the world”. As Panofsky states:

According to the Pseudo-Areopagite, the universe is created, animated and unified by the perpetual self realization of what Plotinus had called “the One”, what the Bible had called “the Lord”, and what he calls “the super essential Light” or even the “visible son” – with God the father designated as “the Father of lights” and Christ as the “first radiance” . . . which “has revealed the Father to the world.”

This emphasis on the metaphysical qualities of colored light certainly must have had a profound effect on Suger and is clearly evident in the design of the choir of his new abbey church.’ [4]
Abbot Suger had a particular interest because the patron saint of his abbey was a triple compound of the Athenian disciple of St Paul, the Syrian mystic and the 3rd century AD martyr and Apostle of Gaul, all named Dionysius or Denis. He was not however alone in his interest in the theology of light at this time. As Swaan goes on to point out:

Suger’s infatuation with light which had so decisive an influence in formulating the Gothic style was but an extreme manifestation of a view widely supported by the Scholastics which received expression from men as different as Hugh of St Victor, Gilbert de la Porrée, St Thomas Aquinas and Robert Grosseteste, who hailed light as the most direct corporeal manifestation of the Divine, ‘the mediator between bodiless and bodily substance, at the same time spiritual body and embodied spirit’. [5]

The first problem with all this was the question of how such ideas might – or might not – have reached J.R.R. Tolkien, who is not known to have taken any interest in the relevant medieval and Classical writers. CS Lewis was working on material from the relevant period at various times from the writing of The Allegory of Love (published 1936) to that of The Discarded Image (published 1964). Yet that seemed too late for the appearance of the idea of ‘splintered light’ in Tolkien’s writing. Linked with this was the question of whether or not the same material had been part of Barfield’s inspiration, whether at first or second hand. Owen Barfield was an Anthroposophist, a member of an organisation whose founder, Rudolf Steiner, split from Madame Blavatsky and her Theosophists over the question of the worth of Oriental mystical traditions versus those of Europe [6]. This could easily mean that Steiner’s thought, and following him that of Barfield, also drew on the mythos of Light as it was developed by Neo-Platonist philosophers in the Classical era. This problem remains to be explored.
However, I have only just discovered, by sheer chance, a reference to exactly this set of ideas about Light, from an author whom we can be fairly certain J.R.R. Tolkien knew well, someone obviously important to him and much ‘closer to home’ than the medieval and ancient authors which I referred to above. The passage in question reads as follows:

Break a ray of light into its constituent colours, each is beautiful, each may be enjoyed; attempt to unite them, and perhaps you produce only dirty white. The pure and indivisible Light is seen only by the blessed inhabitants of Heaven; here we have but such faint reflections of it as its diffraction supplies.

That is a quote from the writings of Cardinal John Henry Newman, founder of the Birmingham Oratory, cited in the chapter on him in A.N. Wilson’s Eminent Victorians [7]. Wilson most unfortunately saw no need to give a proper reference for his quote in a book which was a tie-in to a television series, intended for a ‘popular’ rather than an academic audience. Having previous acquaintance with the difficulties involved in researching anything in connection to Newman’s writings (to be honest, I gave up on it), I hesitate to contemplate the work required to locate that quote. Yet I do believe that it would be a good idea for somebody to chase this quote down – and to look at its full context with reference to JRR Tolkien’s thought and writing.
Newman’s diffracted, broken, reflected light is very close indeed to Tolkien’s words in his poem Mythopoeia:

… the refracted light
Through whom is splintered from a single White
To many hues …[8].

Again, Newman’s ‘dirty white’ blended of many colours is markedly close to the supposedly ‘white’ but actually many-coloured robe which Gandalf sees Saruman wearing, as reported to the Council of Elrond in The Lord of the Rings [9]. As the teacher of Tolkien’s own guardian, Father Morgan, and the founder of the Birmingham Oratory which was such an important influence on Tolkien, Cardinal Newman has long merited a closer look than he seems to have received from scholars interested in J.R.R. Tolkien.
It is a testament to the quality of Verlyn Flieger’s insight into the writing and thought of J.R.R. Tolkien that her thesis in Splintered Light remains wholly valid even if she was partly wrong about the source from which Tolkien drew those ideas. On Tolkien’s own testimony, Owen Barfield’s book Poetic Diction did have an impact on him [10]. However, Tolkien may well already have been aware of the concept of ‘splintered light’ from Cardinal J.H. Newman’s writings, a source likely to have been much more important to him and carrying markedly different implications. I hope that bringing the attention of the Tolkien scholarly community to this apparently close relationship between Newman and Tolkien in a particularly key area may inspire someone with the right skills, knowledge and library access to take a much closer look at the links between Newman’s thought and that of J.R.R. Tolkien.

Written 14/03/2020, last revised 26/07/2020.
Ruth Lewis, pen name Elizabeth Currie, brush name Ruth Lacon.

Notes:

1. Flieger, V., 1983; Splintered Light; William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., revised edition 2002 Kent State University Press.
2. Swaan, W., 1969, The Gothic Cathedral, Paul Elek Productions Ltd., cited from the 1984 Omega Books edition, p.48.
3. It could of course also be from a different translation. In the Authorized Version the relevant text reads in full as; ‘1 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. 2 The same was in the beginning with God. 3 All things were made by him, and without him was not any thing made that was made. 4 In him was life and the life was the light of men. 5 And the light shineth in darkness and the darkness comprehendeth it not. 6 There was a man sent from God whose name was John. 7 The same came for a witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe. 8 He was not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. 9 That was the true Light which lighteth every man which cometh into the world.’ Gospel of St John, ch.1, in The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Testaments, to which are appended notes, etc, Oxford University Press, n.d. but before 1880.
4. Stoddard, W.S., 1966; The Art and Architecture of Medieval France; Wesleyan University Press, cited from the 1972 ICON edition by Harper & Row, Publishers, Inc., p.101. The citations from Panofsky come from Panofsky, E., 1946; Abbot Suger on the Art Treasures of Saint-Denis; Princeton University Press; no page numbers are given.
5. Swaan, W., 1969, The Gothic Cathedral, Paul Elek Productions Ltd., cited from the 1984 Omega Books edition, p.48.
6. Carpenter, H., 1978, The Inklings, George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd, p.36: and Ahern, G., 1984/2009; Sun at Midnight: The Rudolf Steiner Movement and Gnosis in the West, James Clark & Co., p.43.
7. Wilson, A.N., 1989; Eminent Victorians; BBC Books, pp.156-7.
8. Tolkien, J.R.R., 1984, Tree and Leaf, with Mythopoeia, George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd, cited from the 2001 HarperCollinsPublishers edition, p.87
9. The Lord of the Rings/The Fellowship of the Ring, bk.II, ch.2. References not given to page level as editions numerous and variable.
10. Tolkien, J.R.R. ed. Carpenter, H., & Tolkien, C.J.R., 1981; The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien; George Allen and Unwin (Publishers) Ltd, cited from the 1990 Unwin Paperbacks edition; letter no.15, p.22, and n.3 to commentary on jacket-flap, p.435: and Flieger 1983/2002 p.39.

Bibliography:

• Ahern, G., 1984/2009; Sun at Midnight: The Rudolf Steiner Movement and Gnosis in the West, James Clark & Co.
• Bible, The: The Holy Bible containing the Old and New Testaments, to which are appended notes, etc, Oxford University Press, n.d. but before 1880.
• Carpenter, H., 1978, The Inklings, George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd.
• Flieger, V., 1983; Splintered Light; William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., revised edition 2002 Kent State University Press.
• Stoddard, W.S., 1966; The Art and Architecture of Medieval France; Wesleyan University Press, cited from the 1972 ICON edition by Harper & Row.
• Swaan, W., 1969, The Gothic Cathedral, Paul Elek Productions Ltd., cited from the 1984 Omega Books edition.
• Tolkien, J.R.R., 1954; The Lord of the Rings; The Fellowship of the Ring; George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
• Tolkien, J.R.R. ed. Carpenter, H., & Tolkien, C.J.R., 1981; The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien; George Allen and Unwin (Publishers) Ltd, cited from the 1990 Unwin Paperbacks edition.
• Tolkien, J.R.R., 1984, Tree and Leaf, with Mythopoeia, George Allen & Unwin (Publishers) Ltd, cited from the 2001 HarperCollinsPublishers edition.
• Wilson, A.N., 1989; Eminent Victorians; BBC Books.

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